Gonzáglez López Yakin
2IV15
February 27th, 2014
GUIDE TO TEST 1
Topic:
Modal verbs of obligation
1.1 MUST
1.1.1:
Used to talk about obligation, but is personal obligation (moral). You decide
if you do or you do not.
1.1.2
FEATURES: Not add "s" at the 3o persons in singular. Used
after the person. Then follows the verb (action) used in positive, negative and
questions
1.1.3
Example:
1 I must study 2 Must you
travel to Barcelona tomorrow. 3 You
must have a passport to to travel abroad
4 You must tidy your
room
1.2 MUSTN’T
1.2.1
FUNCTION: Used to talk about prohibition, you can’t dolt. It is not allowed to
do this. It is a form negative, you can’t dolt
1.2.2
FEATURES: Used after the person. Then follows the verb (action) used in
positive, negative and questions. You can write short or long
1.2.3 EXAMPLE: 1 you mustn’t
shout in class 2 Passengers must
not talk to the driver 3 Students must not leave bicycles here
1.3
HAVE TO
1.3.1
FUNCTION: verb expresses necessity and obligation, but the need is stronger. Comes
from rules imposed by authorities
1.3.2
FEATURES: subject + have to + verb + complement. When it is in the third person
add “has to”
1.3.3
EXAMPLE: 1 she has to work tomorrow 2 You have to be back at 10 o'clock 3 We
have to attend lesions.
1.4
DON’T HAVE TO
1.4.1
FUNCTION: It used when things are not necessary
1.4.2
FEATURES: Subject + don’t have to + verb + complement. When is in 3operson
add the auxiliary “does not” (doesn’t have to).
1.4.3
EXAMPLE: 1 We sleep 8 hour daily 2 she doesn’t have to come early to class 3
You don't have to sit there
TOPIC:
ASKING FOR A GIVING PERMISSION
2.1 can/cannot (can’t)
2.1.1
FUNCTION: This is a verb that is used for a person's abilities, but Also used
to ask permission. can be used in its negative form, or question.
2.1.2
FEATURES: It does not add”s” in singular noun, used after the subject and this
answer is short or long
2.1.3
EXAMPLE: 1 Can you help with a problem with the computer? 2 No, You can’t give
a party this week 3 No, You can’t 3Can I use your parking space.
2.2
Be allowed to/ be not allowed to
2.2.1 FUNCTION: This is a verb that is used
for a person's abilities, but is used to talk to older people (is more formal
than can)
Employee
to boss, but the boss if you can lower the degree (can)
2.2.2
FEATURES: Used after the subject and add the verb to be, she used in questions
or negative answers.
2.2.3
EXAMPLE: 1 Am I allowed to ask for a day off?
Yes, you can (Employee to boss).
2 Am I allowed to weed to go out? Yes you can go out (student to
teacher).
TOPIC:
AGREEING AND DISAGREE
2.1
AGREEING
2.1.1
FUNCTION: POSITIVE:: there are different
ways to show agreement (when interlocutors feel the someway about something).
NEGATIVE:
when interlocutors feel the some negative way about something
2.1.2
FEATURES: his answer is short and simple, is the final answer. Is used when
positive
“SO DO I”.
Do but only used "DO" When is the regular verb.
“NEITHER
DOI” is used when negative, and can be changed "do" for a verb that
is not regularly
2.2.3
EXXAMPLE: 1Ican sky very well. So can I.
2 Ican write five text messages in one minute. So can I 3 I love you. So do I.
4 I can’t go to parties during the week. Neither can I. 5 I don’t run. Neither
do I.
2.2
DISAGREE
2.2.1
FUNCTION: positive: Is when a person does not like something and you if you
like
Negative:
Is when a person likes something and you do not like
2.2.2
FEATURES: his answer is short and simple, Is used when positive “I do”. His
used when Negative is “I don’t”.
2.2.3
EXAMPLE: 1 I love pizza. I don’t 2 I don’t watch soapoperas.
TOPIC:
MODAL VERBS OF ADVICE, SUGGESTION AND RECOMMENDATION
3.1
OUGHt TO
3.1.1
FUNCTION:
3.1.2
FEATURES: Subject + OUGHT TO + verb + complement
3.1.3
EXAMPLE: 1. You ought
to eat more
vegetables. 2. Tom ought to take her home. 3. I ought
to stay in bed.
3.2
SHOULD
3.2.1
FUNCTION: The modal verb "should" is
used to give. In this
situation, the speaker is giving hypothetical advice as if
he/she were the listener.
situation, the speaker is giving hypothetical advice as if
he/she were the listener.
3.3.2 FEATURES: Subject + should + verb + complement (advice)
3.3.3 EXAMPLE: 1. you should not smoke. 2. You should not eat too
much candy.
3.3
NEEDN’T
3.3.1
FUNCTION: When used Need not mean it is not necessary to do something
3.3.2
FEATURES: Subject + needn’t + verb + complement.
This a recommendation not strong
3.3.3
EXAMPLE: 1. You needn't water the garden this evening 2. You needn't wear the
shoes broken
TOPIC:
ARTICLE
4.1
A / An
4.1.1FUNCTION:
The rule is really very simple. It depends on the sound at the start of the following word.
(It does not depend on the way we write the following word, it depends on the
way we say it.)
4.1.2 FEATURES: A /AN + consonant sound
4.1.3
EXAMPLE: 1. a book 2.a pencil. 3. An Mp3 4. A computer. 5. An apple
4.2
The
4.2.1
FUNCTION: Can be singular or plural, the
countries not use “the”
4.2.2
FEATURES: used when two people know the object
4.2.3
EXAMPLE: 1. the university 2. The living room 3. The classroom
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